Evaluation of Serum IFN-gamma and IL-10 Equilibrium in HIV-Positive Subjects on ART in Rivers State, Nigeria
Chukwu, Priya Homa *
Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Science, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Nigeria.
Eze Richard Ikechukwu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Madonna University, Nigeria.
Ajugwo Anslem Onochie
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science, Madonna University, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: In the clinical management of HIV, viral suppression is often the primary focus, yet the underlying immune architecture frequently remains in a state of disharmony. This study investigated the pro-inflammatory (IFN-gamma) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) profiles of HIV-positive subjects on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) compared to healthy controls in Rivers State, Nigeria.
Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted involving 126 participants: 63 HIV-positive individuals on stable ART and 63 healthy controls. Cytokine levels were quantified using high-sensitivity Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Results: The study observed a profound cytokine inversion. IFN-gamma levels were significantly depleted in the HIV group compared to controls while IL-10 levels were significantly lower than the control group, suggesting a state of suppressed peace rather than balanced regulation. Regional variations were significant for IL-10 and the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, with Rivers West exhibiting the lowest ratio, indicating a shift toward a Th2-skewed environment and advancing immune dysfunction.
Conclusion: ART alone is insufficient to restore immunological homeostasis, leaving a protection gap despite viral suppression. The persistent dysregulation of the IFN-γ/IL-10 equilibrium underscores the need for clinical attention beyond mere viral load monitoring.
Keywords: HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), cytokine equilibrium, Rivers State